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Thomas W. Hale, Tiffany L. Bateman, Malcolm A. Finkelman and Pamela D. Berens
BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE Volume 4, Number 2, 2009

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this prospective study was to determine if Candida albicans is present in the milk of women suffering from symptoms of severe nipple and deep breast pain.

Study Design: The symptomatic group included women who reported sore, inflamed, or traumatized nipples or intense stabbing or burning pain. The control group included breastfeeding women without symptoms. The skin of the nipple and areola were washed with detergent and thoroughly rinsed. Milk samples were analyzed for (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan and grown on Candida growth medium.

The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee
BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE Volume 4, Number 2, 2009

Background

Engorgement has been defined as “the swelling and distension of the breasts, usually in the early days of initiation of lactation, caused by vascular dilation as well as the arrival of the early milk.” The concept put forward by Newton and Newton in 1951 suggested that alveolar distension from milk then led to compression of surrounding ducts, which subsequently led to secondary vascular and lymphatic compression. Some degree of breast fullness in the second stage of lactogenesis is considered normal and reassuring to the mother and healthcare provider.

JEANNE P. SPENCER
Am Fam Physician. 2008 Sep 15;78(6):727-731.

Abstract

Mastitis occurs in approximately 10 percent of U.S. mothers who are breastfeeding, and it can lead to the cessation of breastfeeding. The risk of mastitis can be reduced by frequent, complete emptying of the breast and by optimizing breastfeeding technique. Sore nipples can precipitate mastitis. The differential diagnosis of sore nipples includes mechanical irritation from a poor latch or infant mouth anomalies, such as cleft palate or bacterial or yeast infection. The diagnosis of mastitis is usually clinical, with patients presenting with focal tenderness in one breast accompanied by fever and malaise.

E. Jiménez, L. Fernández, A. Maldonado, R. Martín, M. Olivares, J. Xaus and J. M. Rodríguez

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2008, p. 4650-4655, Vol. 74, No. 15

Abstract

In this study, 20 women with staphylococcal mastitis were randomly divided in two groups. Those in the probiotic group daily ingested 10 log10 CFU of Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713 and the same quantity of Lactobacillus gasseri CECT5714 for 4 weeks, while those in the control one only ingested the excipient. Both lactobacillus strains were originally isolated from breast milk. On day 0, the mean staphylococcal counts in the probiotic and control groups were similar (4.74 and 4.81 log10 CFU/ml, respectively), but lactobacilli could not be detected.

The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine

Breastfeeding Medicine Volume 3, Number 3, 2008

INTRODUCTION

Mastitis is a common condition in lactating women; estimates from prospective studies range from 3% to 20% depending on the definition and length of postpartum followup.

From Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health

Christine M. Betzold, NP, CLC, MSN

Abstract

Inflammation of the breast (mastitis) with or without infection or redness has a variety of etiologies and presentations that range from the fairly benign blocked duct to the more serious breast abscess. True infectious mastitis can present in a manner that is easily identifiable, or it can present in a subtle and ambiguous fashion. Some women are challenged with recurrent mastitis, and often the underlying etiology is never discovered.

Sabate JM, Clotet M, Torrubia S, Gomez A, Guerrero R, de las Heras P, Lerma E.
Radiographics. 2007 Oct;27 Suppl 1:S101-24.

Abstract

During pregnancy and lactation, the breast can be affected by a variety of specific and unique disorders, including benign disorders closely related to physiologic changes, inflammatory and infectious diseases, juvenile papillomatosis, and benign and malignant tumors. Patients with pregnancy-associated breast carcinoma tend to have more advanced neoplasms at diagnosis and a poorer prognosis due to delayed diagnosis and a more aggressive biologic pattern.

Anjana Srinivasan, Carole Dobrich, Howard Mitnick, Perle Feldman
Breastfeeding Medicine. 2006, 1(4): 216-224.

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the effectiveness of frenotomy in ankyloglossic infants, by quantifying the changes in latch and maternal nipple pain using standardized tools.

Catherine M. Fetherston, Jim I. Wells, Peter E. Hartmann
Breastfeeding Medicine. 2006, 1(3): 127-135.

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the presence of C-reactive protein (CRP) in breast milk and any relationship between changes in CRP in breast milk and blood, and the severity of systemic and breast symptoms experienced during mastitis.

Catherine M. Fetherston, C.T. Lai, Peter E. Hartmann
Breastfeeding Medicine. 2006, 1(3): 136-145.

Abstract

Objective: The objective was to investigate changes in milk composition that reflect variations in breast permeability, milk synthesis, and immune response in women before, during, and after mastitis.

Sarah M. Page, MD and David S. McKenna, MD

Case Report

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Breast pain is a common complaint among lactating women. Vasospasm of the nipple should be considered in the differential diagnosis of breast pain, particularly when no other signs of infection or trauma are encountered. This report demonstrates a case of vasospasm successfully treated with nifedipine.

Catherine M. Fetherston, Ching Tat Lai, Leon R. Mitoulas, Peter E. Hartmann

Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Volume 85, Number 1 / January 2006 pp20 - 25

Abstract:

Hypothesis. The increased excretion of lactose in urine will be an accurate predictor of increased breast permeability during inflammation of the breast and therefore could predict whether there is a relationship between the severity and type of symptoms suffered during mastitis and changes in breast permeability.

Kristine Morland-Schultz and Pamela D. Hill

JOGNN*, 34, 428-437; 2005

Objective: To review the literature on nipple pain and to delineate effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of nipple pain in breastfeeding mothers.

Jeanne Ballard, MD
The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee, August 3, 2004

Background

The infant’s tongue at birth is normally able to extend over and past the mandibular gum pad. Significant ankyloglossia prevents an infant from anteriorly extending and elevating the tongue and many breastfeeding experts believe that these limitations alter the normal peristaltic motion of the tongue during feeding resulting in the potential for nipple trauma and problems with effective milk transfer and infant weight gain.

Jane E. Anderson, MD, Nancy Held, RN, MS and Kara Wright, MD

Maurice Raynaud first described the vasospasm of arterioles in 1862, and Raynaud’s phenomenon is now felt to be common, affecting up to 20% of women of childbearing age. Raynaud’s phenomenon has been reported to affect the nipples of breastfeeding mothers and is recognized by many lactation experts as a treatable cause of painful breastfeeding...