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Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) and the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) Join Statement, March 2011

Background
In 2010, the Department of Health and Food Standards Agency asked the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) and the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) to assess the evidence on timing of introduction of gluten into the infant diet and subsequent risk of developing coeliac disease or type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The request was made in response to the publication of a European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the appropriate age for the introduction of complementary food into infant diets in the EU; this included conclusions that were inconsistent with UK infant feeding advice.

Schwarz EB, Brown JS, Creasman JM, Stuebe A, McClure CK, Van Den Eeden SK, Thom D.
Am J Med. 2010 Sep;123(9):863.e1-6.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Lactation has been associated with improvements in maternal glucose metabolism.

METHODS: We explored the relationships between lactation and risk of type 2 diabetes in a well-characterized, population-representative cohort of women, aged 40-78 years, who were members of a large integrated health care delivery organization in California and enrolled in the Reproductive Risk factors for Incontinence Study at Kaiser (RRISK), between 2003 and 2008.

Smith JP, Harvey PJ.
Public Health Nutr. 2010 Jul 13:1-11.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the public health significance of premature weaning of infants from breast milk on later-life risk of chronic illness.

Liu B, Jorm L, Banks E.
Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar 23. [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract

Objective: To examine the effect of childbearing and maternal breastfeeding on a woman's subsequent risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Schwarz EB, Ray RM, Stuebe AM, Allison MA, Ness RB, Freiberg MS, Cauley JA.
Obstet Gynecol. 2009 May;113(5):974-982.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine dose-response relationships between the cumulative number of months women lactated and postmenopausal risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Kavitha T. Ram, Paul Bobby, Susan M. Hailpern, Joan C. Lo, Miriam Schocken, Joan Skurnick, Nanette Santoro

American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2008; 198:3 268.e1-e6

Abstract

Objective
The objective of the study was to evaluate whether lactation duration is associated with lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) in midlife, parous women.

R. Villegas, Y.-T. Gao, G. Yang, H. L. Li, T. Elasy, W. Zheng and X.-O. Shu

Diabetologia. 2007 Nov 27 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to examine the association between lifetime breast-feeding and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a large population-based cohort study of middle-aged women.

Methods This was a prospective study of 62,095 middle-aged parous women in Shanghai, China, who had no prior history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer or cardiovascular disease at study recruitment. Breast-feeding history, dietary intake, physical activity and anthropometric measurements were assessed by in-person interviews. The Cox regression model was employed to evaluate the association between breast-feeding and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Stanley Ip, M.D., Mei Chung, M.P.H., Gowri Raman, M.D., Priscilla Chew, M.P.H., Nombulelo Magula, M.D., Deirdre DeVine, M.Litt., Thomas Trikalinos, M.D., Ph.D., Joseph Lau, M.D.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, April 2007

Structured Abstract

Objectives: We reviewed the evidence on the effects of breastfeeding on short- and long-term infant and maternal health outcomes in developed countries.

Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE®, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library in November of 2005. Supplemental searches on selected outcomes were searched through May of 2006. We also identified additional studies in bibliographies of selected reviews and by suggestions from technical experts.

Bernardo L. Horta, Rajiv Bahl, José C. Martines, Cesar G. Victora
World Health Organization 2007

Executive summary

Background: Breastfeeding presents clear short-term benefits for child health, mainly protection against morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. On the other hand, there is some controversy on the long-term consequences of breastfeeding. Whereas some studies reported that breastfed subjects present a higher level of school achievement and performance in intelligence
tests, as well as lower blood pressure, lower total cholesterol and a lower prevalence of overweight
and obesity, others have failed to detect such associations.

Christopher G Owen, Richard M Martin, Peter H Whincup, George Davey Smith and Derek G Cook

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 84, No. 5, 1043-1054, November 2006

Abstract

Background: Observational evidence suggests that having been breastfed in infancy may reduce the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in later life.

Objective: The objective was to examine the influence of initial breastfeeding on type 2 diabetes and blood glucose and insulin concentrations.

Hana Malcova, Zdenek Sumnik, Pavel Drevinek, Jitrenka Venhacova, Jan Lebl and Ondrej Cinek

European Journal of Pediatrics Volume 165, Number 2 / February, 2006

Abstract

There are indications that the effect of environmental factors on the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increasing over time. This can be documented by the rapid increase of T1DM incidence in genetically stable populations. Our aim was to study an association of T1DM with the variable factors of the perinatal period and of early infancy, using data from children born over a period of changing exposure to some of the studied factors.

Stuebe AM, Rich-Edwards JW, Willett WC, Manson JE, Michels KB.
JAMA. 2005;294:2601-2610.

Context Lactation is associated with improved glucose and insulin homeostasis, independent of weight change.

Objective To evaluate the association between lactation history and incidence of type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND - It is generally accepted that breast feeding has a beneficial effect on the health of infants and young children. Recently, a few studies have shown that the method of infant feeding is also associated with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in adult life.
AIMS - To examine the association between the method of infant feeding in the first weeks after birth and glucose tolerance, plasma lipid profile, blood pressure, and body mass in adults aged 48-53 years.
Arch Dis Child 2000;82:248-252 ( March )

A teljes cikk itt olvasható.

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Natalia León-Cava, Chessa Lutter, Jay Ross, Luann Martin

The Food and Nutrition Program (HPN)
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
The LINKAGES Project
2002 June

This annotated bibliography summarizes the published literature on the following six topics related to the benefits of breastfeeding:

• Infant morbidity because of diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, otitis media and ear infections, and other infectious diseases
• Infant mortality because of diarrhea, acute respiratory infection, and all causes
• Child development
• Chronic diseases, particularly obesity, diabetes, and cancer
• Maternal health effects, with special emphasis on breast and ovarian cancers
• Economic benefits