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Vieira GO, Martins CC, Vieira TO, de Oliveira NF, Silva LR.
J Pediatr (Rio J). 2010 Sep-Oct;86(5):441-4.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding in the first month of lactation, in the city of Feira de Santana, Brazil.

METHODS: Cohort study with follow-up of 1,309 mother-child pairs selected from all maternities in the municipality. Data were collected in hospital and in home visits during the first month of life. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between outcome and variables of interest.

Silvia Diez Castilho,Marco Antônio Mendes Rocha
J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(6):480-489

Abstract

Objectives: To review the history of pacifiers and to compile a multidisciplinary literature review, searching for pros and cons with the purpose of providing health professionals with arguments when parents request guidance.

Hanne Kronborg, Michael Væth
BIRTH 36:1 March 2009

Background: Inconsistent findings leave uncertainty about the impact of pacifier use on effective breastfeeding technique. The purpose of this study was to investigate how breastfeeding technique and pacifier use were related to breastfeeding problems and duration of breastfeeding.

Stuebe A, Lee K.
Pediatrics. 2006 May;117(5):1848-9

Letters to the Editor

In their recent Pediatrics article, Hauck et al1 reported on the association between pacifier use at last sleep and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and recommended universal pacifier use to reduce the risk of SIDS.

It is far from clear, however, that pacifiers play a causal role in SIDS. Each of the 9 studies in the meta-analysis conducted by Hauck et al used a case-control design to assess whether a pacifier was used during the last sleep before SIDS death, or the sleep among control infants. In such a study design, there is potential for differential recall bias between parents of infants with SIDS and those of control infants on the basis of both the timing of the questioning and the parents' perceptions of whether pacifier use is "right." If an infant usually used a pacifier, it seems unlikely that control parents could recall whether the infant did or did not accept a pacifier in an otherwise unremarkable sleep period. For a "usual-pacifier" infant, we suspect that they would be biased toward reporting that a pacifier was used.

Cristiane F. Gomes, Ercília M. C. Trezza, Emílio C. M. Murade, Carlos R. Padovani

J Pediatr (Rio J). 2006;82(2):103-9

Abstract

Objective: To measure and compare the activity of the masseter, temporalis and buccinator muscles in different infant feeding methods.

Maria Emília de Mattos Soares, Elsa Regina Justo Giugliani, Maria Luiza Braun,
Ana Cristina Nunes Salgado, Andréa Proenço de Oliveira, Paulo Rogério de Aguiar

J Pediatr (Rio J) 2003;79(4):309-16

Introduction

Pacifiers are widely used in many parts of the world, despite the fact that both the World Health Organization (1) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (2) advise against their use, especially with children who are being breastfed. Research carried out in Brazil into all of the state capitals with the exception of Rio de Janeiro, in October 1999, revealed that 53% of children less than one year old were using pacifiers (3).

Many studies have shown an association between the use of a pacifier and a shorter duration of maternal breastfeeding (4-13). The first study to be designed specifically to test this association was carried out in Pelotas, in the south of Brazil, by Victora et al. (7). In the study it was found that children who were still being breastfed at one month of life and who frequently used a pacifier had a 2.4 times greater chance of being weaned in between one and six months. This risk was reduced, but still significant (1.7 times), for children using a pacifier less often.

Cynthia R. Howard, MD, MPH, Fred M. Howard, MD, Bruce Lanphear, MD, MPH, Shirley Eberly, MS, Elisabeth A. deBlieck, MPA, David Oakes, PhD and Ruth A. Lawrence, MD

PEDIATRICS Vol. 111 No. 3 March 2003, pp. 511-518

Abstract

Objective. To enhance breastfeeding practices, the World Health Organization discourages pacifiers and bottle-feeding. However, the effect of artificial nipples on breastfeeding duration is poorly defined. The effects of 2 types of artificial nipple exposure on breastfeeding duration were evaluated: 1) cupfeeding versus bottle-feeding for the provision of in-hospital supplements and 2) early (2–5 days) versus late (>4 weeks) pacifier introduction.

Marjo Niemelä, MD, PhD, Outi Pihakari, MB, Tytti Pokka, BSc, Marja Uhari, MScDagger , and Matti Uhari, MD, PhD

PEDIATRICS Vol. 106 No. 3 September 2000, pp. 483-488

Abstract

Objectives. To evaluate the association between pacifier use and the increased occurrence of acute otitis media (AOM) in an intervention trial.

Methods. Fourteen well-baby clinics were selected to participate in an open, controlled cohort study. These clinics were paired according to the number of children and the social classes of the parents they served. One clinic in each pair was randomly allocated for an intervention, while the other served as a control. The nurses at the intervention clinics were trained to instruct the parents of children <18 months old to limit pacifier use during their prescheduled visits to the clinic. The intervention consisted of a leaflet explaining the harmful effects of pacifier use and instructions to restrict its use. Two hundred seventy-two children were successfully recruited from the intervention clinics and 212 from the control clinics. The data about pacifier use and the occurrence of respiratory infections and AOM were collected similarly in both groups.

Results. After the intervention, a 21% decrease was achieved in continuous pacifier use at the age of 7 to 18 months (P = .0001), and the occurrence of AOM per person-months at risk was 29% lower among children at the intervention clinics. The children who did not use a pacifier continuously in either of the clinics had 33% fewer AOM episodes than the children who did.

Conclusion. Pacifier use appeared to be a preventable risk factor for AOM in children. Its restriction to the moments when the child was falling asleep effectively prevented episodes of AOM.

Teljes szöveg

Clara Aarts, MSc, Agneta Hörnell, Elisabeth Kylberg, PhD, Yngve Hofvander, MD, PhD, and Mehari Gebre-Medhin, MD, MPH, PhD

PEDIATRICS Vol. 104 No. 4 October 1999, p. e50

Abstract

Objectives. To analyze the influence of thumb sucking and pacifier use on breastfeeding patterns in exclusively breastfed infants, on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and on the total breastfeeding duration.

Study Design. Descriptive, longitudinal, prospective study.

Setting. The subjects were recruited from a population of 15 189 infants born in the maternity ward at the University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden between May 1989 and December 1992.

Study Population. 506 mother-infant pairs.

Methods. Daily recordings by the mothers on infant feeding from the first week after delivery through the duration of the study. Fortnightly home visits with structured interviews by a research assistant.

Results. Pacifier use was associated with fewer feeds and shorter suckling duration per 24 hours, shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and shorter total breastfeeding duration compared with no pacifier use. These associations were not found for thumb sucking. The possible negative effects of pacifiers on breastfeeding seemed to be related to the frequency of their use. Maternal age and education only slightly modified the association between pacifier use and breastfeeding duration.

Conclusions. More frequent use of a pacifier was associated with shorter breastfeeding duration, even among a group of mothers who were highly motivated to breastfeed.

Teljes cikk

Cynthia R. Howard, Fred M. Howard, Bruce Lanphear, Elisabeth A. deBlieck, Shirley Eberly and Ruth A. Lawrence

PEDIATRICS Vol. 103 No. 3 March 1999, p. e33

Abstract

Objective. To evaluate the effects of pacifier use and the timing of pacifier introduction on breastfeeding duration, problems, and frequency.

Cesar Gomes Victora, Dominique Pareja Behague, Fernando Celso Barros, Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, and Elizabeth Weiderpass

PEDIATRICS Vol. 99 No. 3 March 1997, pp. 445-453

Abstract

Objectives. Pacifiers are related to a shorter duration of breastfeeding. However, it is unclear whether this association is causal, because confounding, reverse causality, and self-selection of mothers may play a role. These issues were investigated through a combination of epidemiologic and ethnographic research in southern Brazil.