Szoptatás Portál ... naprakész információk ... szülőknek és szakembereknek

Szabó E, Boehm G, Beermann C, Weyermann M, Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Decsi T.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]

OBJECTIVES: To compare fatty acid composition of human milk at 2 different stages of lactation and investigate the relation between trans isomeric and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in human milk at the sixth month of lactation.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We investigated human milk samples obtained at the sixth week and sixth month of lactation from 462 mothers who participated in a large birth cohort study. Fatty acid composition of human milk lipids was determined by high-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography.

Campbell-Yeo ML, Allen AC, Joseph KS, Ledwidge JM, Caddell K, Allen VM, Dooley KC.
PEDIATRICS Vol. 125 No. 1 January 2010, pp. e107-e114 (doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3441)

Abstract

Objective Domperidone is increasingly prescribed to improve breast milk volume despite a lack of evidence regarding its effects on breast milk composition. We examined the effect of domperidone on the nutrient composition of breast milk.

Newburg, DS.; Walker, WA.
Pediatr Res 61: 2–8, 2007

Abstract

The neonatal adaptive immune system, relatively naïve to foreign antigens, requires synergy with the innate immune system to protect the intestine. Goblet cells provide mucins, Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides, and dendritic cells (DCs) present luminal antigens. Intracellular signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) elicits chemokines and cytokines that modulate inflammation. Enteric neurons and lymphocytes provide paracrine and endocrine signaling. However, full protection requires human milk. Breast-feeding reduces enteric infection and may reduce chronic disease in later life. Although human milk contains significant secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), most of its protective factors are constitutively expressed. Multifunctional milk components are nutrients whose partial digestion products inhibit pathogens. Cytokines, cytokine receptors, TLR agonists and antagonists, hormones, anti-inflammatory agents, and nucleotides in milk modulate inflammation.

Jodi Bettler J. Paul Zimmer Martha Neuringer and Patricia A. DeRusso

Eur J Nutr. 2009 Aug 12.

Abstract

Background Lutein is a carotenoid that may play a role in eye health. Human milk typically contains higher concentrations of lutein than infant formula. Preliminary data suggest there are differences in serum lutein concentrations between breastfed and formula-fed infants.
Aim of the study To measure the serum lutein concentrations among infants fed human milk or formulas with and without added lutein.

Samuli Rautava and W. Allan Walker
BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE Volume 4, Number 1, 2009

Abstract

In addition to a near-optimal combination of nutrients for the growing infant, breastmilk contains a wide array of bioactive molecules that are known to protect the infant against infectious disease and modulate the composition of the indigenous intestinal microbiota. A growing number of factors that modulate the infant’s immunophysiology have also been identified in breastmilk.

Rangmar Goelz, Eva Hihn, Klaus Hamprecht, Klaus Dietz, Gerhard Jahn, Christian Poets,
and Martin Elmlinger
Pediatr Res 65: 458–461, 2009

Preterm infants can inoculate virulent cytomegalovirus (CMV) through their mothers’ raw breast milk. Complete virus inactivation is achieved only by heat treatment, but the effect on growth factors has never been assessed systematically.

Tania Marchbank, Gillian Weaver, Marit Nilsen-Hamilton and Raymond J. Playford

Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296: G697-G703, 2009.

Colostrum is the first milk produced after birth and is rich in immunoglobulins and bioactive molecules. We examined whether human colostrum and milk contained pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI), a peptide of potential relevance for mucosal defense and, using in vitro and in vivo models, determined whether its presence influenced gut integrity and repair.

Sánchez CL, Cubero J, Sánchez J, Chanclón B, Rivero M, Rodríguez AB, Barriga C.
Nutr Neurosci. 2009 Feb;12(1):2-8.

Abstract

Breast-milk contains a potent mixture of diverse components, such as the non-protein nitrogen fraction which includes nucleotides, whose variation in levels is evident throughout lactation. In addition, these substances play an important role in sleep homeostasis. In the present study, human milk samples were analyzed using a capillary electrophoresis system. The rhythmicity of each nucleotide was studied by cosinor analysis.

N A Rodriguez, P P Meier, M W Groer and J M Zeller

Journal of Perinatology (2009) 29, 1–7

Own mother's colostrum (OMC) is rich in cytokines and other immune agents that provide bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory protection against infection. OMC may be especially protective for the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant in the first days of life; however clinical instability typically precludes enteral feedings during this period.

Hausner H, Bredie WL, Mølgaard C, Petersen MA, Møller P.

Physiol Behav. 2008 May 15.

Abstract

Transfer of dietary flavour compounds into human milk is believed to constitute the infant's early flavour experiences. This study reports on the time-dependent transfer of flavour compounds from the mother's diet to her breast milk using a within-subject design.

Shashi Raj, Mma Faridi, Usha Rusia and Om Singh

International Breastfeeding Journal 2008, 3:3

Abstract (provisional)

Background
Can exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age maintain optimum iron status in term babies? We evaluated iron status of exclusively breastfed term infants in relation to breast milk iron and lactoferrin.

Methods
In this prospective study in Delhi, India, during the period 2003-2004, normally delivered babies of non-anemic [(Hemoglobin (Hb) greater than or equal to 11 g/dl, n = 68] and anemic (Hb 7 - 10.9 g/dl, n = 61) mothers were followed until 6 months of age. Iron parameters were measured in the cord blood at 14 weeks and 6 months. Breast milk iron and lactoferrin were measured at the same intervals.

DUNSTAN, JANET A.; MITOULAS, LEON R.; DIXON, GLENYS; DOHERTY, DOROTA A.; HARTMANN, PETER E.; SIMMER, KAREN; PRESCOTT, SUSAN L.

Pediatric Research. 62(6):689-694, December 2007.

Abstract

This study evaluated the longitudinal effect of fish oil in pregnancy on breast milk fatty acid composition and infant outcomes. In a randomized, controlled trial, 98 women received 2.2 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 1.1 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or olive oil from 20 wk of gestation until delivery. Fatty acid composition in breast milk (at 3 d, 6 wk, and 6 mo) and infant erythrocyte membranes (at 1 y) were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Breast milk fatty acids were examined in relationship to growth and development.

...and potential role in the colonization of the infant gut

R. Martín, G.H.J. Heilig, E.G. Zoetendal, H. Smidt and J.M. Rodríguez

Journal of Applied Microbiology 103 (6), 2638–2644.

Abstract

Aims: To evaluate the diversity of the Lactobacillus group in breast milk and the vagina of healthy women and understand their potential role in the infant gut colonization using the 16S rRNA gene approaches.

Methods and Results: Samples of breast milk, vaginal swabs and infant faeces were aseptically collected from five mothers whose neonates were born by vaginal delivery and another five that had their babies by caesarean section. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using Lactobacillus group-specific primers, amplicons were analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Clone libraries were constructed to describe the Lactobacillus group diversity. DGGE fingerprints were not related to the delivery method. None of the species detected in vaginal samples were found in breast milk-derived libraries and only few were detected in infant faeces.

Jacqueline C. Kent, PhD

J Midwifery Womens Health 2007;52:564–570

Abstract

Human milk is a complex secretion that is the sole ideal food for babies for at least the first 6 months of life. The amount and composition of the milk is largely independent of the mother’s diet. The composition of the milk changes during lactogenesis II, and these changes can be used as biochemical markers of the onset of copious milk secretion.

Federico Lara-Villosladaa, Mónica Olivaresa, Saleta Sierraa, Juan Miguel Rodrígueza, Julio Bozaa and Jordi Xaus

British Journal of Nutrition (2007), 98: S96-S100

Abstract

Breast milk is the best food for the neonate because it provides a unique combination of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and vitamins that ensures the correct growth and development of the infant. In addition, it also contains bioactive compounds responsible for a wide range of beneficial effects such as the promotion of immune system maturation and the protection against infections. Among these bioactive agents, probiotic bacteria have been recently isolated from human milk. The present work reviews the beneficial effects of these bacteria both in animal models and in clinical trials. The promotion of immune system maturation and defence against infections as well as the anti-inflammatory properties are among the main healthy effects of these bacteria. The isolation of probiotic bacteria with beneficial effects for the host provides scientific support for the supplementation of infant formula with these bacteria, in order to advance the pursuit of the main goal of formula: to mimic breast milk and its functional effects as closely as possible.

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