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Doucet S, Soussignan R, Sagot P, Schaal B.
Early Hum Dev. 2011 Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract

The early nursing-sucking relationship is not to be taken for granted in humans. A number of factors can either facilitate or mitigate its optimal establishment on the mother's or newborn's sides. Among these factors, a morphological feature of human mothers' breasts - the areolar glands (AG) - has been identified as potentially important.

Ramos-Román MA.
Horm Metab Res. 2011 Aug;43(9):593-600.

Abstract

Pregnancy and puerperium are periods of intense hormonal changes. Maternal metabolism adapts to spare the mother from harm on behalf of her developing offspring and major alterations maintain normal glucose tolerance. Insulin secretion increases during a normal pregnancy to compensate for pregnancy-induced insulin resistance and maintain euglycemia. Women at risk for gestational diabetes have insulin resistance before conception. Gestational diabetes develops when a woman at risk is unable to meet the insulin secretory demands imposed by the additional insulin resistance characteristic of pregnancy.

Nancy Mohrbacher
Clinical Lactation 2011 2(1):15-18

Abstract

Worry about milk production is the most common reason women wean earlier than planned. In many cases this worry is due to confusion about how milk production works. This article describes a teaching concept, termed the Magic Number. Clinicians can use this concept to provide mothers who are not exclusively breastfeeding on cue a clear, evidence-based understanding of how to keep their milk production stable over the long term.

The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee

BACKGROUND

Galactogogues (or lactogogues) are medications or other substances believed to assist initiation, maintenance, or augmentation of the rate of maternal milk synthesis. Because perceived or actual low milk supply is one of the most common reasons given for discontinuing breastfeeding, both mothers and health professionals have sought medication(s) to address this concern. Evaluation of evidence-based studies and emerging information regarding more serious potential side effects of some galactogogues have resulted in a recent shift in the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine’s recommendations regarding these drugs and herbs. In 2004, the previous version of this protocol used existing evidence that prescription galactogogues were effective and described when and how to use them. Emerging data suggest that we should exercise more caution in recommending these drugs to induce or increase the rate of milk secretion in lactating women, particularly in women without specific risk factors for insufficient milk supply.

Pisacane A, Continisio P, Palma O, Cataldo S, De Michele F, Vairo U.
Pediatrics. 2010 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of breastfeeding on the risk for fever after routine immunizations.

Menzies KK, Lee HJ, Lefèvre C, Ormandy CJ, Macmillan KL, Nicholas KR.
Funct Integr Genomics. 2010 Mar;10(1):87-95.

Abstract

Murine milk protein gene expression requires insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin; however, the role of insulin is not well understood. This study, therefore, examined the requirement of insulin for milk protein synthesis.

Walker A.
J Pediatr. 2010 Feb;156(2 Suppl):S3-7.

In this introductory overview, I explore the observation that breast milk is the gold standard for protective nutrients fed to newborn infants and present clinical evidence of its strong protective effect against age-related infectious gastroenteritis.

Per Brandtzaeg
J Pediatr. 2010 Feb;156(2 Suppl):S8-15.

Abstract

Mucosal immunity reduces the need for elimination of penetrating exogenous antigens by proinflammatory systemic immunity. The adult gut mucosa contains some 80% of the body's activated B cells—differentiated to plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs). Most mucosal PCs produce dimeric immunoglobulin A (IgA), which, along with pentameric immunoglobulin M (IgM), can be exported by secretory epithelia expressing the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. Immune exclusion of antigens is performed mainly by secretory IgA in cooperation with innate defenses, but, in newborns and in IgA deficiency, secretory IgM is important.

Gooding MJ, Finlay J, Shipley JA, Halliwell M, Duck FA.
J Ultrasound Med. 2010 Jan;29(1):95-103.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The main function of the breast is to produce milk for offspring. As such, the ductal system, which carries milk from the milk-secreting glands (alveoli) to the nipple, is central to the natural function of the breast. The ductal system is also the region in which many malignancies originate and spread. In this study, we aimed to assess the feasibility of manual mapping of ductal systems from 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound data and to evaluate the structures found with respect to conventional understanding of breast anatomy and physiology.

Aaron M. Marshall, Laurie A. Nommsen-Rivers, Laura L. Hernandez, Kathryn G. Dewey, Caroline J. Chantry, Karen A. Gregerson and Nelson D. Horseman
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Feb;95(2):837-46.

Abstract

Context: Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is an important local regulator of lactation homeostasis; however, the roles for the serotonin reuptake transporter and monoamine oxidase have not been known.

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether drugs that impact 5-HT affect human lactation physiology.

Handlin L, Jonas W, Petersson M, Ejdebäck M, Ransjö-Arvidson AB, Nissen E, Uvnäs-Moberg K.
Breastfeed Med. 2009 Dec;4(4):207-20.

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In this study we made a detailed analysis of the mothers' release pattern of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol during a breastfeeding session during the second day postpartum and related these patterns to maternal oxytocin levels as well to the duration of sucking and the duration of skin-to-skin contact before sucking the breast. Furthermore, we investigated if epidural analgesia and oxytocin administration during and after labor influenced the release pattern of ACTH and cortisol.

Newburg, DS.; Walker, WA.
Pediatr Res 61: 2–8, 2007

Abstract

The neonatal adaptive immune system, relatively naïve to foreign antigens, requires synergy with the innate immune system to protect the intestine. Goblet cells provide mucins, Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides, and dendritic cells (DCs) present luminal antigens. Intracellular signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) elicits chemokines and cytokines that modulate inflammation. Enteric neurons and lymphocytes provide paracrine and endocrine signaling. However, full protection requires human milk. Breast-feeding reduces enteric infection and may reduce chronic disease in later life. Although human milk contains significant secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), most of its protective factors are constitutively expressed. Multifunctional milk components are nutrients whose partial digestion products inhibit pathogens. Cytokines, cytokine receptors, TLR agonists and antagonists, hormones, anti-inflammatory agents, and nucleotides in milk modulate inflammation.

Donna T Geddes
International Breastfeeding Journal 2009, 4:4

Abstract

Ultrasound imaging has been used extensively to detect abnormalities of the non-lactating breast. In contrast, the use of ultrasound for the investigation of pathology of the lactating breast is limited. Recent studies have re-examined the anatomy of the lactating breast highlighting features unique to this phase of breast development.

Tania Marchbank, Gillian Weaver, Marit Nilsen-Hamilton and Raymond J. Playford

Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296: G697-G703, 2009.

Colostrum is the first milk produced after birth and is rich in immunoglobulins and bioactive molecules. We examined whether human colostrum and milk contained pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI), a peptide of potential relevance for mucosal defense and, using in vitro and in vivo models, determined whether its presence influenced gut integrity and repair.

Colson SD, Meek JH, Hawdon JM.
Early Hum Dev. 2008 Jul;84(7):441-9.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Despite widespread skills-teaching, 37% of UK mothers initiating breastfeeding stop by six weeks suggesting a need to reappraise current support strategies. Rooting, sucking and swallowing have been studied extensively but little is known about the role other primitive neonatal reflexes (PNRs) might play to support breastfeeding.